ISLAM AND INDIA

MUHAMMAD BIN QASIM
At 17 years of age Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh 711 A.D. by defeating Raja Dahir of Sindh at what is now Hyderabad in Pakistan. He fought at Nirun, Rawar, Bahrore, Brahmanabad, Aror, Dipalpur and Multan. By 713 A.D. he established his control in Sindh and parts of Punjab and borders of Kashmir.
Muhammad of Ghor defeated Prithvi Raj and captured Delhi in 1192.
SLAVE DYNASTY (1206-1290)
In 1206, Qutb ud-Din Aibek, became sultan of Delhi and founded the Slave dynasty (Mameluk Dynasty). Iltutmish (1210–1235) and Balban (1266–1287) followed him. The Slave dynasty ruled up to 1290.
KHILJI DYNASTY (1290–1320)
Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji ruled from 1290-1296. Ala-ud-din Khilji (real name Juna Khan) reigned from 1296–1316. He was the nephew and son in law of Jalal-ud-din.
Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah, the son of Ala ud din Khilji who reigned from 1316-1321.
TUGHLUQ DYNASTY (1320–1398)
Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (real name Ghazi Malik,1320–1325) founded th Tughluq dynasty. Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325 to 1351) was the eldest son of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq. Firoz Shah Tughlaq  (1351-1388) succeeded Muhammad bin Tughluq. He thought of the material welfare of his people. Rest houses & gardens were built. Madrasas (schools) were opened to encourage education. He set up hospitals for the free treatment of the poor. He provided money for marriage of girls belonging to poor families. He commissioned many public buildings in Delhi and built over 300 villages and dug 5 major canals for irrigation. The Tughlaq Dynasty ended in 1398.
SAYYID DYNASTY (1414-1451)
Sayyid Dynasty ruled Kashmir from 1339 to 1561 A.D. firmly establishing Islam in Kashmir. Sultan Shamas-ud-Din founded the dynasty in 1339. The last Sayyid ruler Mohammed-bin-Farid, died in 1451.
LODHI DYNASTY (1451-1526)
Bahlul Khan Lodhi, took the throne of the Delhi. Sikandar Lodhi (born Nizam Khan) his son succeed him. Sikandar conquered Gwalior and Bihar, and founded the present city of Agra in 1503. Ibrahim Lodhi son of Sikandar, took over in 1517. He menaced Mewar, ruled by Rana Sanga.
SURI DYNASTY (1540-1555)
The Suri dynasty was founded by Sher Shah Suri, after his victory over Emperor Humayun in battle of Chausa (1539). The Suri rule came to an end by a defeat leading to the restoration of the Mughal dynasty.
MUGHAL DYNASTY (1526 1707)
The Mughal Empire covered the Indian subcontinent, parts of Afghanistan and Iran (Balochistan), between 1526 and 1707. "Mughal" is the Persian word for "Mongol".
Zahir-ud-din Mohammad Babur (February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530)
Babur was a king from Central Asia (Turco-Persian-Mongol tribe). He founded the Mughal dynasty in 1526, after defeating Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat. He was a descendant of Timur, and Genghis Khan. He laid the base for the Mughal dynasty.
Nasiruddin Mohammad Humayun (March 6, 1508 – February 22, 1556)
Humayun ruled from 1530–1540 and again from 1555–1556. he lost his kingdom for a brief period to Sher Shah Suri, but eventually regained it after 10 years. On his return he was accompanied by Persians which signalled a change in Mughal Court culture which was overshadowed by Persian art, architecture, language and literature.
Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar (October 15, 1542 – October 27, 1605)
Akbar, known as Akbar the Great (AkbÄ�r-e-Azam) and ruled from 1556 to 1605. He was the greatest of the Mughals. In his reign, he eliminated threats from the descendants of Sher Shah Suri, and in the Second Battle of Panipat deafeated ‘Hemu’. He solidified his rule by repealing the jizya tax, he courted the favor of the Rajput caste, by marrying Rajput princesses. Akbar's lasting contributions were to the arts. He initiated collection of literature, including the Akbar-nama and Ain-i-Akbari. He incorporated art from around the world in his collections. He commissioned the construction of admired buildings like the Panj Mahal. He organised debates between Muslim scholars and other Sikhs, Hindus, Carvaka atheists and Jesuits of the Vatican.
Nuruddin Muhammad Salim (Jahangir) (August 31, 1569 – October 28, 1627)
‘Jahangir’ ("Conqueror of the World"), ruled from 1605 to 1627. Akbar ensured that he received the best education in Persian, Turkish, Arabic, Urdu, history, arithmetic, geography and other sciences. Jahangir ruled for 22-years. He released prisoners and granted amnesty to his enemies. He set up "Chain of Justice" which anyone could pull and receive a hearing from him. He married the beautiful Mehr-un-Nisa, in May 1611 and gave her the title Nur Jehan. He died in 1627 and was buried in Shahdra, a suburb of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Shahbuddin Muhammed “Shah Jahan” (January 5, 1592 – January 22, 1666)
“Shah Jahan”  ruled from 1628 to 1658. The name Shah Jahan Means "King of the World". He  is best known as the builder of the Taj Mahal, a shrine to his wife, Mumtaz Mahal ("Ornament of the Palace") whom he married on May 10, 1612, at the age of 20. Shah Jahan put down a rebellion in Ahmednagar, repulsed the Portuguese in the Bengal, captured the Rajput kingdoms of Baglana and Bundelkhand to the west, and the kingdoms of Bijapur and Golconda in the Deccan and the northwest beyond the Khyber Pass. He  was a prolific builder and built the legendary “Taj Mahal” in Agra. Among his surviving buildings are the Red Fort and Jama Masjid in Delhi, the Shalimar Gardens of Lahore and buildings at the Lahore Fort.
Mahyuddin Muhammed Aurangzeb (November 3, 1618 – March 3, 1707)
Aurangzeb (Awrang "throne" and Zayb "beauty, ornament") was known as “Alamgir”. He ruled from 1658 to 1707. He was remarkably pious and had a strict adherence to Islam.  He is often ‘misinterpreted’ as a Cruel Ruler. He ruled for 48 years and expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent. Aurangzeb's successors lacked his strong hand in suppressing high levels of Mughal opposition. Nevertheless, Aurangzeb is generally regarded as the last Great Mughal ruler. After Aurangzeb died in 1707, the empire started to decline. Mughals managed to maintain some power for another 150 years. In 1739 they were defeated by Nadir Shah. In 1756  Ahmed Shah Abdali took Delhi. The British finally dissolved the Mughal Empire in 1857.